The price of a perfect system: learnability and the distribution of errors in the speech of children learning English as a first language

This study reports on a strictly-cognitive and symptomatic approach to the treatment of phonological disorders, by an effect which can also be reproduced in most normally- developing children. To explain how this works, it is necessary to address certain asymmetries and singularities in the distribution of children's speech errors over the whole range of development. Particular words occasion particular errors. In early phonology there is 'fronting' with Coronal displacing Dorsal, and harmonies where Coronal is lost. In the middle of phonological acquisition, the harmonic pattern changes with coronal harmony coming to prevail over other forms. As well as these asymmetries, there is also the case of harmonic or migratory errors involving the property of affrication, but not the affricate as a whole, i.e. ignoring the property of voicing. Many of these asymmetries and singularities and the harmony or movement of affrication are described here for the first time. They are all difficult to explain in current theoretical models, especially in 'bottom-up' models. On the basis of the 'top-down' notion of 'parameters' from recent work in phonology, I shall assume that: A) finite learnability has to be ensured; B) there can be no privileged information about the learnability target; and C) phonological theory and the study of speech development (normal and otherwise) have an object in common. I shall propose: A) a Parameter Setting Function, as part of the human genome, possibly a defining part; B) Phonological Parapraxis', as a way of characterising the generalisations here about incompetent phonology by the general mechanisms of floating' and 'non-association'; C) a Stage (_n-1) as a necessary construct in the theory of acquisition, typically not reached before 8;6; D) a' Representability Inspection' relating normal competence to Chomsky's Articulatory/ Perceptual interface', sensitive to a relation between featural properties such as roundness or labiality and prosodic properties such as the foot and syllable; E) a syndrome. Specific Speech and Language Impairment, SSLI, extending the notion of Specific Language Impairment, SLI.I shall hypothesise that: A) segmental and suprasegmental representations interact; B) the phonological learnability space is uniform and consistent; C) it is the very minimality of the learnability system which makes it vulnerable to SSLI. This: A) side-steps the implausible inference that development proceeds by the loss of 'processes'; B) accounts for at least some of the asymmetries noted above; C) lets parameters set' a degree of abstract exponence; D) makes it possible to abolish 'processes' such as fronting, lisping, consonant harmony, in favour of successive degrees of imprecision in the parameterisation; E) provides a conceptual mechanism for the cognitive and symptomatic therapy, mentioned above: the therapy effects an increase in the set of phonological structures which are 'representable' by the child

Fortnightly changes in water transport direction across the mouth of a narrow estuary

This research investigates the dynamics of the axial tidal flow and residual circulation at the lower Guadiana Estuary, south Portugal, a narrow mesotidal estuary with low freshwater inputs. Current data were collected near the deepest part of the channel for 21 months and across the channel during two (spring and neap) tidal cycles. Results indicate that at the deep channel, depth-averaged currents are stronger and longer during the ebb at spring and during the flood at neap, resulting in opposite water transport directions at a fortnightly time scale. The net water transport across the entire channel is up-estuary at spring and down-estuary at neap, i.e., opposite to the one at the deep channel. At spring tide, when the estuary is considered to be well mixed, the observed pattern of circulation (outflow in the deep channel, inflow over the shoals) results from the combination of the Stokes transport and compensating return flow, which varies laterally with the bathymetry. At neap tide (in particular for those of lowest amplitude each month), inflows at the deep channel are consistently associated with the development of gravitational circulation. Comparisons with previous studies suggest that the baroclinic pressure gradient (rather than internal tidal asymmetries) is the main driver of the residual water transport. Our observations also indicate that the flushing out of the water accumulated up-estuary (at spring) may also produce strong unidirectional barotropic outflow across the entire channel around neap tide.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The Lantern, 2013-2014

• Strikes • Pietro di Venezia • To the Lover of Small Things • Jim\u27s Big Day • Akademiks • Redamancy • A Love Poem for Arctia Caja • Mother River • The Lyrics to Your Song • Nerves • Gemini Season • White Interface • The Last Time I Played with Dolls • The Mechanic • My Goldfish • Put Down Your Hammer • Strip • Hollywood • Identity • The Grey Zone • Sophia • When I Became a Poet • Unbroken • The Veteran Aeronaut • I Have Running Water but They had the Stars • Not A Nigga • Mother, Adam, Eve • From Fragile Seeds: A Palindrome • Conspiring, The Spires • Finally Working Out What Goes Where (God, For Example, is in His Kingdom) • Identity Crisis • Affection • Patience • An Enchanting Lost Cause • False Starts • Soggy Rice, Lukewarm Water • The Glow • Heat • 9-14 • Filigree • Diane Arbus • Touched • Dying Alive • Just Another Drunkard on the Train • Dinner • The French Legionnaire • Conspiracy and Theory • 1249am • Colored Pencils • Sea Glass • Roundtrip • The Muse Heard Music • Lacrimosa • The Allegory of the Maze • The Stars on Stuart Road • To Isabella • For Want of a Potato Chip • Termite Nests • Saving a Rose • Today and Yesterday • A Foggy New York • Cat; Wurtzburg • Embrace • Faces • Geisha • Pacis Leo • Patterns • Te-Whanganui-a-Tara (The Dock)https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1180/thumbnail.jp

Determinantes sociais e biológicos da cárie dentária em crianças de 6 anos de idade: um estudo transversal aninhado numa coorte de nascidos vivos no Sul do Brasil

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os determinantes sociais e biológicos, medidos no período perinatal e na infância, sobre a ocorrência de cárie dentária em crianças de 6 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal de cárie dentária em 1999, em uma subamostra de 400 crianças pertencentes a uma coorte de nascidos vivos iniciada em 1993, em Pelotas, RS. Os índices e critérios de diagnóstico adotados foram os preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (1997). Os resultados do estudo de cárie foram inseridos no banco de dados da coorte, que continha informações sobre as condições sociais e de saúde coletadas ao nascimento, no primeiro, terceiro, sexto e décimo segundo meses e no sexto ano de vida da criança. O índice de cárie (ceo-d = 0 ou > 1) foi a variável dependente. Foram realizadas análises univariada e de regressão logística múltipla não condicional, tendo como base um modelo teórico hierárquico de determinação. RESULTADOS: Escolaridade materna abaixo ou igual a 8 anos, renda familiar menor que 6 salários mínimos, não freqüentar pré-escola e consumo de doces pelo menos uma vez ao dia aos 6 anos de idade foram fatores de risco à cárie. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores de risco sociais, como baixa escolaridade materna e baixa renda familiar, não freqüentar a pré-escola e dieta inadequada são comuns à cárie dentária e outras doenças e agravos infantis, sugerindo que medidas de intervenção dirigidas a estes fatores seriam mais adequadas à prevenção da cárie do que medidas específicas